How Does Literature Make Us Believe That It Copies Reality?

A good literature should be versatile in nature, it should be adaptive, which takes its readers to draw different conclusion. There is another compulsion implied on a quality piece of literature, it should be just like a mirror, whosoever will be reading, he must feel snuggled. It must be informative and should serve for some particular purpose. A specific chunk of society has strong opinion that literature doesn’t put into sentences for any special particular. Literature doesn’t support to illusions or fantasies. Hence literature writers used to highlight different aspects of life, culture, reviewing new theater plays, art, books, and exhibitions. At first glance it seems that all levels of literature have typecast women in either matri-local roles or matri-focal roles. It therefore revolves around character of women inside the society. Women have been taken either with the role of family support role, mother, degrading role, supernatural role, and prostitute role. This paradigm has been chosen by great American resonance age literary writer. It has been always seen in literature that it chose innocent character of society to deliver its particular massage. Hence, understanding about literature publications is not as easier or simpler as reader needs to have full attention and dedication towards what he is reading, and what is background of being read writer. (Solomon Irvin (2010)) Dissertation Literature Review

Literature is generally used to illustrate anything from creative writing to more scientific works or technical works. It carries works of the creative imagination, including works drama, poetry, nonfiction and fiction. On contrary, fiction seems apparently similar with literature but generically it differs from it as literature used to cover nonfiction aspect of society as well. The background history of any literary writing used to be a realm particular situation. As far as theory of realm is concerned, it indicates that there is bookbinding relationship amid reality and literature, and it is greater copier of original events. Shakespeare is legendary name in the field of literature, his original concept of literature was to cover realm features in the most romantic and dramatic way. So, that reader can amuse reading on every newer sentence. Some times, it has been observed in literary writings that they focused illusionist thoughts and fantasies to cover up. Practically speaking, human brain is full with thoughts and for each moment, it used to have a new think or ideas. Human brain can never think beyond the limitation of universe. In synthesis it would definitely think those things either they would be practicing inside the society or would have chances to be practiced in future. It is instinctive nature of human beings to idealize things, and would prefer to live in ideal world. Correspondingly, literature is the dramatic snapshoot of ideal world processed in brain vessels. (Esther Lombardi (2010))

Societal behavioral practices and mood depiction are enormously enclosed in literary writings; reader can reach to morality level of any nation by studying its literature. In older period, invaders used to fire literature publication of that particular nation. For any nation, it is bigger resource, and the best ever gift for next upcoming generations. Literature normally covers norms, value system, sense of taboo and rhetorical realm novels. Literature is the practical thing, and doesn’t have inclusion of false imagination in it. Dissertation Literature Review

References:

Solomon Irvin (2010) ‘Latin American women in literature and reality: Garcia Marquez’s one hundred years of solitude’ on 08/05/2010 from http://www.accessmylibrary.com/archive/739-the-midwest-quarterly/january-1993.html

Esther Lombardi (2010) ‘What is difference between Fiction and literature’ on 08/05/2010 from http://classiclit.about.com/od/literaryterms/g/aa_whatisliter.htm

The Literature Review

What Is A Literature Review?

According to Cooper'... a dissertation literature review uses as its database reports of main or original scholarship, and does not account new primary scholarship itself. The primary reports used in the literature may be unwritten, other than in the infinite best part of cases information are written documents. The types of scholarship may be observed, academic, critical/analytic, or methodological in nature. Second a dissertation literature review seeks to explain, sum up, assess, elucidate and/or put together the satisfied of main reports.'

The assessment of applicable literature is almost always a usual chapter of a thesis or dissertation. The analysis forms a significant chapter in a thesis where its reason is to provide the setting to and justification for the research undertaken. Bruce, who has published broadly on the topic of the literature review, has recognized six fundamentals of a dissertation literature review. These elements contain a list; a search; a survey; an automobile for learning; a research facilitator; and an account.

Why Does A Literature Review?

A critical element of all research degrees is the review of applicable literature. So significant is this chapter that its lapse represents a invalid or absence of a main element in research. According to Bourner there are high-quality reasons for spending time and attempt on an appraisal of the dissertation literature before embarking on a research project. These reasons include:

• To recognize Gaps In The Literature
• To keep away from reinventing the wheel (at the very least this will save time and it can stop you from making the same mistakes as others)
• To take on from where others have previously reached (reviewing the field allows you to construct on the stage of existing information and ideas)
• To identify other people working in the identical fields (a researcher network is a valuable resource)
• To enlarge your wideness of knowledge of your subject region
• To categorize determining works in your area
• To provide the intellectual context for your own work, enabling you to position your project relative to other work
• To identify opposite views
• To set your work into viewpoint
• To make obvious that you can access preceding work in a part
• To identify information and ideas that may be applicable to your assignment
• To identify methods that could be relevant to your project. dissertation

Dissertation Literature Reviewing

Intellectual dissertations at all levels in the collective sciences normally comprise some type of 'Dissertation literature review'. It is most likely additional helpful for students to believe of this, as examiners regularly do, as a serious review of the literature', for reasons which will be made clear soon. The dissertation literature review is usually an early segment in the dissertation.

Students are generally probable to start working on a general review of the connected research literature at the initial possible stage of their research. This in itself is not what is normally intended in proper references to the 'review of the literature', but is quite an introductory period. This examination stage ranges far wider in capacity and quantity than the final review, usually including more general works. Your review (which exists in writing only in your notes) must assist you in numerous ways, such as:

• To make a decision on the issues you will address;
• To develop into alert of suitable research methodologies;
• To observe how research on your precise topic fits into a broader framework;
• To organize you for impending the critical Dissertation.

• LACK OF EMPOWERMENT

  Earlier researches have found that perceived powerlessness is a source of stress (Jones & Fletcher, 1996; Leana & Florkowshi, 1992; Wagner, 1994). Karasek's (1979) demands control model suggests that lack of ability to control one's job environment is key. Stress occurs when high job demands and pressures are combined with a perceived inability to influence the work process (Fox, Dwyer & Ganster 1993; Totterdell, Wood & Wall 2006). This creates anxiety about the consequences of poor job performance. Karesek's original model proposed interactive effects of job control/empowerment: that is, stressors create actual strain when coupled with low control. Research has tended to support additive rather than interactive effects (Cooper et al., 2001, p. 137).dissertation literature review

  Stress Outcomes

  Research has found that stress has a number of harmful effects on employees (Bourbeau, Brisson & Allaire, 1996; Cartwright & Cooper, 1993; Sverke, Hellgren & Naswall, 2002). Three of the most often mentioned harmful effects are reduced job satisfaction, poor emotional states such as depression, and deterioration of physical health. Stress reduces intrinsic job satisfaction because it associates the job with painful outcomes (De Cuyper & De Witte, 2007; Hodson, 1991; Leiter & Harvie, 1996; Stamper & Johlke, 2003). It may also decrease job performance and perceived value of rewards - thus reducing extrinsic satisfaction. Indeed, highly stressed workers have been found to be less productive, make lower quality decisions, and be more absent from work (Boyd, 1997; Price & Hooijberg, 1992). Stress can hurt social satisfaction by making it difficult to communicate and interact with others for the stressed individual.

  Stress leads to negative emotional states and even to serious depression (Burke et al., 1996; Cooper & Cartwright, 1994; Frese, 1999; Van Yperen & Hagedorn, 2003). Prolonged stress can also lead to physical health problems: fatigue, sleep disturbances, headaches, backaches, high blood pressure, immune system suppression, and heart disease (Cooper & Cartwright, 1994; Ertel, Peck, Ullsperger, Von Dem Knesebeck & Siegrist, 2005; Guglielmi & Tatrow, 1998; Kuhnert, Simms & Lahey, 1989; Tytherleigh, Jacobs, Webb, Ricketts & Cooper, 2007). Stress-related symptoms now account for about 60 per cent of visits to primary care physicians (Johnson & Indvik, 1996). Manning, Jackson and Fusilier (1996) found that stress was related to higher medical expenditures. Workers experiencing poor psychological and physical health are less productive, make worse decisions, are more prone to be absence, and make diminishing contributions to the organization (Boyd, 1997; Price & Hooijberg, 1992).

  
  

  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

  This chapter offers a detailed analysis of the background of the study and critically reviews the previous studies on the subject of stress among healthcare personnel, especially the personnel working in operating theater environment.

  Work-Related Stress

  Work-related stress is also known as work stress, job stress, or occupational stress. It is defined as “the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, needs, or resources of the worker” (Sauter, et. al., 1999). Occupational health researchers consider it to be a significant factor in negative organizational outcomes such as diminished productivity, absenteeism and turnover, as well as negative worker outcomes such as poor job performance, job dissatisfaction, and health problems (Brisco, 1997; Caplan & Van Harrison, 1993; Dunham, 2001; McLean, 1979). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has opined that it is one of a wide range of hazards faced by healthcare workers (NIOSH safety and health topic: Health care workers.).

  Hospital nursing is recognized as a high stress occupation (Lawrence & Lawrence, 1987; McNeely, 2005; Wheeler, 1998; Wolfgang, 1988). Registered nurses working in operating theaters are reporting excessive levels of work-related stress (WRS) due to inadequate staffing, poor work design, and poor workforce management practices (Aiken et al., 2001; Aiken, Clarke, Sloane, Sochalski & Silber, 2002; Muncer, Taylor, Green & McManus, 2001). Role conflict and ambiguity, family demands, and excessive patient expectations also play a role in WRS (Hoffman & Scott, 2003; Wheeler, 1998). The extent to which the physical work environment may be contributing to nurses' WRS has not been studied.dissertation literature review

Write a Literature Review

1. INTRODUCTION

Not to be confused with a book review, a dissertation literature review surveys learned articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) applicable to a particular subject, area of research, or theory, only if a description, rundown, and critical assessment of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of important literature published on a topic.

2. COMPONENTS

Comparable to most important research, development of the dissertation literature review requires four stages:

• PROBLEM FORMULATION—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?
• LITERATURE SEARCH—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored
• DATA EVALUATION—determining which dissertation literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic
• Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature

Literature Reviews Should Comprise The Following Elements:

• An impression of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the dissertation literature review
• Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely)
• Details of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others
• Conclusions as to which pieces are best careful in their disagreement, are most believable of their opinions, and make the maximum contribution to the considerate and development of their area of research

In Assessing Each Piece, Consideration Should Be Given To:

• Provenance—what are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, and recent scientific findings)?
• Objectivity—is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point?
• Persuasiveness—which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?
• Value—are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?

3. DEFINITION AND USE/PURPOSE

A dissertation literature review may comprise a necessary chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-sufficient review of writings on a subject. In also case, its purpose is to:

• Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review
• Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration
• Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research
• Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies
• Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort
• Point the way forward for further research
• Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literature

Dissertation Literature Review Example Can Help

Receiving your hands on a dissertation literature review example can be extremely supportive, in a remarkable number of ways. It all depends on what you need help with, really – except not, because there is no way an example will not be able to help you.

In support of illustration, it can help you with the basics of dissertation writing itself. After all, the dissertation literature review is an necessary part of any dissertation.

Proposed for that matter, a dissertation literature review example can also help you come up with dissertation ideas of your own. In addition, reading examples can show you which ideas to stay away from, by viewing you which research paper topics have already been analytically examined. It is completely original that you choose a exclusive topic for your dissertation. Favorite an idea that has already been generally explored and researched is not going to do a thing for you either, as well boring your readers. The key to writing a good dissertation is picking a unique and original subject, after all. Trust, that your professors and the board which will be reading your work are familiar with the research already done in their – and your – chosen field of study. Choosing an idea which has already been done to loss may make the whole dissertation writing process easier for you, but if you bore your viewers, you will absolutely live to feel sorry taking the easy way out instead of doing some in depth and original research on your own.

As expected, a dissertation literature review example can help you out with the review itself. Specially, it can help you to understand the fundamentals, formats, style, and purpose of literature review writing itself.

To that end, you will want to look at one literature review example which is written in the chronological structure, or format. In a chronological literature review, the sources are grouped and discussed in the order of their publication. The purpose is to highlight all the changes which have taken place in terms of research, especially as it applies to your field and especially to your chosen subject.

You will then want to read at least one literature review example written in thematic style. Thematic literature review writing depends on grouping and discussing the sources in terms of their themes and/or topics. It is extremely organized, and it is a good format to use when the writer does not want to summarize his or her sources. Furthermore, this helps to emphasize the importance of the theme in the individual literature review and dissertation.

Almost surely the most significant reason to look into studying a dissertation literature review example is because this task is so important. Your dissertation is one of the most main things you will ever write, and the attempt you put into it wants to reflect that. Since the literature review itself is so vital to the overall project, doing the best you possibly can is imperative. A lot of students do not understand the nature or purpose of a literature review when they first begin the dissertation writing process, and so reviewing well written examples can show you step by step exactly what you are trying to achieve.

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Dissertation Review of Literature

Now that you have a topic selected for your dissertation, the work of identifying and utilizing existing information from previously completed research and other resources begins. You are now facing one of the most difficult tasks in the dissertation process – the Dissertation Literature Review. This section points out some property that will help make this job easier.

The biggest cause why so many doctoral candidates have difficulty to completing their dissertation is because they get caught up in the dissertation literature review process. There is so much literature out there it seems like an never-ending swamp. It all starts to look the same, and many people have a very hard time shaping just where to start. Even when one does get started the problem of how to keep path of everything comes up. How should it be prioritized, indexed, and cross-referenced? Should a new software program be purchased (and learned)? To answer these and other questions, let's first look at what a Review of Literature should do:

• A Review of Literature is the most important chapter in a dissertation.
• It identifies, describes, evaluates, and summarizes the current information in your field.
• It presents and analyzes the empirical and theoretical sources covering your variables.
• It demonstrates your mastery and understanding of your chosen field.
• Almost immediately after starting your Dissertation Literature Review you might be tempted to buy specialized software marketed for notes and citation management. Be very careful.

Do not be swayed by promises of putting everything into APA or MLA format at the click of a button. Right now you need help to find and utilize those things that are useful. Nothing in APA format is still nothing.

Also, be very careful about software that forces you to spend time learning new procedures and techniques.

Doing a thorough Review of Literature takes time. Each book, article, or web site must be read and reviewed for ideas that will help your project. Identify how each piece can help you, and where.

A thorough Review of Literature is critical to all other aspects of your dissertation! A good review is so crucial that Diane Kennedy, owner of the Academic Research Group, Inc. and one of the best-qualified dissertation consultants with over thirty years in the field, recommends to her clients that a Literature Review be done first, before anything else!